Week numbers explained
Microsoft's Excel documentation describes the two systems:
“System 1: The week containing January 1 is the first week of the year, and is numbered week 1.” “System 2: The week containing the first Thursday of the year is the first week of the year, and is numbered as week 1. This system is the methodology specified in ISO 8601, which is commonly known as the European week numbering system.”— Microsoft Support, WEEKNUM function
Excel's =WEEKNUM(date) uses System 1 with weeks starting on Sunday unless you pass a second argument; =WEEKNUM(date,21) and =ISOWEEKNUM(date) give the ISO week. Under ISO rules, the first days of January can belong to the last week of the previous year, and the last days of December to week 1 of the next.
Week numbers 2026
2026 has 53 ISO weeks. In the U.S. (Excel WEEKNUM) system its first and last weeks are partial, and December 31 falls in week 53.
Week numbers 2027
2027 has 52 ISO weeks; December 31 falls in U.S. week 53.
Julian date: two meanings
Outside astronomy, "Julian date" is commonly used for the year plus the day of the year: YYDDD (26300) or YYYYDDD (2026300). It is an informal name for the ordinal date, and it is what the box above shows first. In astronomy, Julian Date means something different:
“Julian dates (abbreviated JD) are simply a continuous count of days and fractions since noon Universal Time on January 1, 4713 BC (on the Julian calendar).”— U.S. Naval Observatory, Julian Date Converter
The box shows that number too, at noon UT for the chosen day and live to five decimals for right now.
Day of the year table
Find the month in the top row and the day on the left. In a leap year (2028 is the next one), add 1 to every number from March 1 on, and February 29 is day 060.
“The Julian calendar has a leap year every fourth year, while the Gregorian calendar has a leap year every fourth year except century years not exactly divisible by 400.”— U.S. Naval Observatory
In a spreadsheet
With a date in cell A1: day of the year =A1-DATE(YEAR(A1),1,0); Julian date YYDDD =TEXT(A1,"yy")&TEXT(A1-DATE(YEAR(A1),1,0),"000"); ISO week =ISOWEEKNUM(A1); U.S. week =WEEKNUM(A1). For days between two dates use the time between dates calculator, and for business days the working days calculator.